What is menopause?

Written by Dr. Simon Khela MBChB MRCGP, GMC Registered Doctor

Last reviewed: 21-07-2026

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I see a particular pattern often in clinic: a woman in her late forties, describing periods that have become unpredictable, sleep that’s fallen apart, and a fog she can’t quite explain, asking almost apologetically, “Is this just me getting older, or is something actually wrong?” One of the most common concerns I see in practice is that same uncertainty – not knowing whether what’s happening is perimenopause, something else entirely, or both.

A patient I saw recently had been managing worsening hot flushes and disrupted sleep for over a year, quietly assuming she simply had to “push through” it, before finally asking whether treatment was even an option for her. It was – and her relief at hearing that was as significant as the treatment itself. That gap between symptom onset and someone actually asking for help is something I see time and again, and it’s one of the reasons clear information matters so much here.

It’s a fair question, because menopause doesn’t arrive with a clear starting gun. This article explains what menopause actually is, what perimenopause means, what counts as a normal menopause age, which symptoms are typical, and – importantly – which symptoms, like bleeding after menopause, should always prompt a proper assessment.

Quick Answer: What Is Menopause?

Menopause is the point at which a woman’s periods stop permanently, usually happening between the ages of 45 and 55 (the average age in the UK is 51), caused by declining oestrogen levels. It’s officially reached once you’ve gone 12 months without a period. The years of hormonal changes leading up to this point are called perimenopause, and the years afterwards are known as post-menopause.

What Is Menopause? Understanding the Three Stages

Menopause isn’t a single event – it’s better understood as three overlapping stages, and I find that a lot of confusion clears up once patients understand where they sit in that timeline.

Perimenopause: The Lead-Up

• Perimenopause is the transition period when hormone levels start to fluctuate and symptoms begin, but periods haven’t stopped completely
• It typically starts with vasomotor symptoms (hot flushes and night sweats) alongside a change in menstrual pattern – periods becoming lighter, heavier, more or less frequent
• This phase can last anywhere from a few months to several years before periods stop altogether

Menopause: The Defining Moment

• Menopause itself is technically a single point in time – the date marking 12 months since your last period
• In people who’ve had a hysterectomy, menopause is identified based on symptoms rather than periods, since there’s nothing left to track

Post-Menopause: Life Afterwards

• Post-menopause refers to the years following that 12-month mark
• Many symptoms ease over time in post-menopause, but some – joint pain, vaginal dryness, reduced bone density – can persist or even worsen, which is why ongoing care doesn’t stop the day you’re officially “through” menopause

What’s the Average Menopause Age in the UK?

Most women reach menopause between 45 and 55, with the average age in the UK being 51, according to the NHS. A few important variations worth knowing:

• Early menopause refers to menopause between ages 40 and 44
• Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) refers to menopause before age 40, affecting around 1 in 100 women, and can result from surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, genetic or autoimmune causes, or an unknown cause
• Certain ethnic backgrounds and some long-term health conditions are associated with earlier menopause on average
• People experiencing early menopause who are distressed by the diagnosis should be offered psychological support, not just hormonal advice – this is something I think gets underemphasised

Menopause Symptoms

Many patients are surprised to learn just how wide-ranging menopause symptoms can be, as the NHS sets out in detail – it’s far from just hot flushes. Common symptoms include:

• Changes to your menstrual cycle – periods becoming irregular, heavier, lighter, or less frequent
• Vasomotor symptoms – hot flushes and night sweats
• Sleep disturbance, often linked to night sweats
• Mood changes – low mood, anxiety, irritability, reduced self-esteem
• “Brain fog” – difficulty concentrating or word-finding
• Joint and muscle aches
• Vaginal dryness and discomfort during sex
• Reduced sex drive
• Palpitations
• Recurrent urinary symptoms
• Weight changes, particularly around the abdomen

Menopause Belly: Why Weight Gain Happens

A question I am frequently asked is why weight seems to redistribute to the stomach specifically during menopause, even when diet and activity haven’t obviously changed. There are two main drivers:

• Falling oestrogen changes where fat is stored. Before menopause, fat tends to sit around the hips and thighs; as oestrogen declines, more of it settles around the abdomen instead
• Muscle mass naturally declines with age, which lowers resting metabolic rate – so the body burns somewhat fewer calories at rest than it used to, even without any change in habits

This is a genuinely common experience rather than a sign that something’s gone wrong with your metabolism specifically, though it’s still worth addressing given the links between abdominal fat and cardiovascular and metabolic risk – Women’s Health Concern, the patient arm of the British Menopause Society, covers this in detail – more on managing it below.

How Is Perimenopause Diagnosed? Is There a Perimenopause Test?

This is one of the areas where current UK guidance has actually shifted, and it often surprises patients.

• For most people aged 45 and over, current NICE guidance on identifying menopause recommends identifying perimenopause and menopause based on symptoms and menstrual history alone, without any laboratory tests
• Perimenopause is identified by recently started vasomotor symptoms plus a change in menstrual cycle; menopause is identified once periods have stopped for 12 months
• Blood tests such as AMH, oestradiol, or antral follicle count are specifically not recommended to diagnose menopause in this age group, because hormone levels naturally fluctuate too much during this phase to give a reliable single answer
• A perimenopause test using serum FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) is only generally considered in two situations: people aged 40 to 45 with typical symptoms, or people under 40 where earlier menopause is suspected
• In people under 40, premature ovarian insufficiency is never diagnosed from a single blood test – it requires two elevated FSH readings taken four to six weeks apart
• FSH testing isn’t reliable in people using combined hormonal contraception or high-dose progestogen, since these affect the result

If your symptoms and timeline are clear-cut, formal hormone blood testing often isn’t necessary at all – which can come as a relief to patients expecting to need one before treatment can start.

Bleeding After Menopause: When You Must See a Doctor

I want to be direct about this one, because it’s the single most important message in this article. Post-menopause is defined by not having had a period for 12 months. Any vaginal bleeding after that point – however light, however brief – needs prompt medical assessment.

• This is called postmenopausal bleeding (PMB), and while most cases have a benign explanation, Cancer Research UK identifies it as the most common presenting symptom of womb (endometrial) cancer
• Current UK cancer referral guidance means women aged 55 and over with unexplained postmenopausal bleeding should be referred urgently via a suspected cancer pathway; those under 55 with unexplained bleeding should also be considered for the same urgent pathway
• If you’re on HRT, some bleeding is expected in the first six months of starting treatment or within three months of a dose change – but bleeding outside those windows, or bleeding that doesn’t settle, still needs to be checked
• A pelvic examination and, often, an urgent ultrasound scan are typically the first steps toward ruling out serious causes

I’d rather a patient come in and be reassured than stay quiet out of embarrassment or the assumption that “it’s probably nothing.” In my experience, it usually is nothing serious – but that’s a conclusion for your doctor to reach after assessment, not before.

Menopause Treatment Options

Treatment is genuinely individual, and current UK guidance is clear that decisions should be shared between patient and clinician rather than one-size-fits-all.

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)

HRT remains the first-line treatment offered for vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause, and current guidance is more reassuring about it than the headlines from twenty years ago suggested. A few key points worth understanding:

• Combined HRT (oestrogen plus progestogen) is offered to people who still have a womb; oestrogen-only HRT is offered to those who’ve had a hysterectomy
• Overall, taking either type of HRT is unlikely to affect life expectancy
• Combined HRT is associated with a small increase in breast cancer risk that rises with duration of use; oestrogen-only HRT carries very little or no increase in breast cancer risk
• HRT does not increase coronary heart disease risk and reduces the risk of fragility fractures from osteoporosis
• Transdermal HRT (patches, gels, sprays) doesn’t carry the increased blood clot or stroke risk associated with oral HRT, which matters particularly for people with a higher BMI or other clot risk factors

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Non-Hormonal and Other Options

• Menopause-specific cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is recommended as an option for vasomotor symptoms, sleep problems and low mood associated with menopause, either alongside HRT or instead of it; we offer cognitive behavioural therapy for exactly this kind of support
• Vaginal oestrogen treats genitourinary symptoms like dryness directly, with minimal absorption into the rest of the body
• Fezolinetant, a newer non-hormonal medicine, is now an option for moderate-to-severe hot flushes when HRT isn’t suitable
• Complementary therapies such as black cohosh or isoflavones have some evidence for symptom relief, but their safety and quality aren’t standardised, so they shouldn’t be assumed equivalent to regulated treatment
• Whatever combination you choose, treatment is typically reviewed at 3 months to check it’s working, then annually after that – it’s not a decision you’re locked into permanently, and doses or approaches can be adjusted as your symptoms change
• If HRT feels like the right fit for your circumstances, our specialist menopause clinic can talk through the options in more depth, and our guide to HRT covers the different formulations in more detail

Menopause, Weight and Exercise

How to Lose Weight in Menopause

I’d rather be honest here than promise something unrealistic: there’s no shortcut that undoes the metabolic changes of menopause, but there’s a great deal that genuinely helps.

• Focus on preserving and building muscle rather than purely cutting calories – muscle is metabolically active tissue, and keeping it protects your resting metabolic rate
• A balanced diet with adequate protein at each meal supports this alongside exercise, more than any specific “menopause diet” fad
• Sleep and stress both influence weight through appetite-regulating hormones, so treating night sweats and sleep disruption often helps weight management indirectly, not just symptom control
• Avoid very restrictive or rapid diets – they tend to lose muscle mass along with fat, which works against you longer term
• If you want a structured, personalised approach, our weight management support can help build a plan around your specific circumstances rather than generic advice

Menopause Workout: What Type of Exercise Helps Most

• Strength training two or more times a week is the single most evidence-backed recommendation, since it directly counters the muscle loss and bone density decline that accompany falling oestrogen
• NHS lifestyle guidance recommends 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity weekly – brisk walking, swimming, cycling – which supports cardiovascular health, becoming more important post-menopause as your natural oestrogen protection reduces
• Weight-bearing and resistance exercise specifically protects bone density and reduces fracture risk, which matters given the strong link between menopause and osteoporosis; keeping an eye on vitamin D and bone health is a sensible companion habit
• Pelvic floor exercises are worth building in given how common urinary symptoms become around this time
• You don’t need to overhaul everything at once – building on whatever activity you already do tends to be more sustainable than starting an intense new regime from scratch

Common Myths About Menopause

“Menopause only affects your periods.”

Menopause is systemic – it affects mood, sleep, cognition, bone health, cardiovascular risk and more, not just the reproductive system.

“HRT is dangerous and best avoided.”

Modern guidance is considerably more reassuring than older headlines suggested. Risks are real but small for most people, vary by HRT type, and need to be weighed individually rather than assumed universally high.

“If you’re bleeding again after menopause, it’s probably just hormones settling.”

Sometimes it is – but this can never be assumed without assessment, given that postmenopausal bleeding is the leading symptom of womb cancer.

“Weight gain in menopause is inevitable and can’t be managed.”

It’s common, and the physiology working against you is real, but strength training and dietary changes genuinely do make a measurable difference.

“Menopause only happens to older women.”

Early menopause (40-44) and premature ovarian insufficiency (under 40) both exist and deserve the same quality of information and support as menopause at the typical age.

When Should You See a GP?

I’d encourage anyone to book an appointment if they notice:

• Menopause-associated symptoms that are affecting daily life, work, or relationships
• Any bleeding occurring 12 months or more after your last period
• Menopause symptoms before the age of 45
• Uncertainty about whether HRT or an alternative treatment might suit their circumstances
• Ongoing symptoms despite trying an initial treatment approach

If getting a timely GP appointment feels difficult, you can book an online GP appointment as a starting point. Regular cervical screening and its warning signs remain just as relevant through perimenopause and beyond.

Frequently Asked Questions